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History of the Ancient Near East

From the first writing in Sumer to the fall of Persia: three thousand years of cities, empires, peoples and gods between the Nile and the Tigris, and what clay tablets, inscriptions and archaeology tell us, told by Sophia with Philo, Marcos and Demetria, with grammar at every level and a gamebook for each part.

Volume I of the History of the Ancient World. Every lesson labels what scholars agree on, what they debate and what nobody knows, and asks the same questions of every people’s texts. Wars and conquests are told briefly and without graphic detail. Philo speaks as a believer who reads his scriptures carefully; modern discoveries are told by Sophia as things still to come. A companion to Myths of the Near East and Stories from the Septuagint.

How we know

Tablets, stones, layers of earth, and one rule for every people’s books.

How We Know

Clay tablets, inscriptions, tells, and consensus, debated or unknown.

Part 1B1Free

The first cities and kingdoms

Writing, pyramids, kings and laws in Mesopotamia, Egypt and Iran.

Sumer and the Invention of Writing

The first tablets were about barley, not poems.

Part 2B1Premium

Egypt of the Pyramids

The first stone buildings, the Great Pyramid, its workers, and the Tale of Sinuhe.

Part 3B1Premium

Sargon of Akkad: The First Empire

A real king, a lost city, and a baby in a basket.

Part 4B2Premium

Elam: Mesopotamia’s Eastern Neighbour

Susa, a script still unread, and the people who carried off Hammurabi’s stone.

Part 5B1–B2Premium

Hammurabi and the Torah’s Laws

An eye for an eye, a goring ox, and laws for slaves in both codes.

Part 6B2Premium

The age of the great kings

Egypt’s empire, the Hittites and Mitanni, letters on clay, and a world that collapsed.

Egypt’s New Kingdom: Hatshepsut and Akhenaten

A woman who ruled as king, a king who abolished the gods, and the first strike.

Part 7B2Premium

Mitanni: Horses, Chariots and Gods from India

A horse-training manual, a royal marriage, and gods with Sanskrit names.

Part 8B1–B2Premium

The Hittites: An Empire Rediscovered

A forgotten empire, the oldest peace treaty, and a language unlocked.

Part 9B2Premium

Egypt, the Amarna Letters and Canaan

Canaan’s kings write to their Egyptian overlord.

Part 10B1–B2Premium

The Bronze Age Collapse

Around 1200 BCE, a whole world falls.

Part 11B2Premium

The Merneptah Stele

The first mention of Israel outside the Bible.

Part 12B1–B2Premium

Kingdoms of the Iron Age

Small kingdoms, sea traders, a world empire, the black pharaohs, and the gods of Canaan.

Highland Villages and the Origins of Israel

Where did Israel come from? What the villages show.

Part 13B2Premium

Israel and Judah: Mesha, Tel Dan and the Omrides

Two small kingdoms in other peoples’ inscriptions.

Part 14B2–C1Premium

The Phoenicians and the Alphabet

Purple dye, cedar ships, and twenty-two letters that went round the world.

Part 15B1Premium

Assyria: Nineveh, Ashurbanipal’s Library and Lachish

The first world empire: fear, propaganda and a library.

Part 16B2Premium

Urartu, Phrygia and Lydia: Kingdoms of Anatolia

Mountain fortresses, the real King Midas, and the first coins.

Part 17B2Premium

Kush: The Black Pharaohs

The kings from Nubia who ruled Egypt, and the queen who fought Rome.

Part 18B2Premium

The Gods of Israel and Their Neighbours

Baal, Asherah, Chemosh and Yahweh, and a traveller’s jar at Kuntillet Ajrud.

Part 19B2–C1Premium

Babylon and Persia

The city of the stargazers, and the largest empire yet.

Nebuchadnezzar’s Babylon

The Ishtar Gate, the stargazers, and the exiles by the rivers.

Part 20B1–B2Premium

Cyrus, Darius and the Persian Empire

Behistun, the Royal Road and Persepolis.

Part 21B2Premium

Elephantine

Persia’s frontier on the Nile: Egyptians, Jews and Arameans.

Part 22B2Premium

Zoroastrianism and Its Influence

Truth and the Lie, judgement at the bridge, and the debate about influence.

Part 23B2–C1Premium

Texts and temples

When was the Torah written, and what does archaeology find?

When Was the Torah Written?

The Persian-period consensus, and the Hellenistic debate.

Part 24C1Premium

The Exodus and the Conquest: What Archaeology Finds

What the evidence shows, and what it does not.

Part 25C1Premium