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Ancient Philosophy

From Thales in a harbour city to the schools of Athens and Alexandria: what the ancient philosophers asked, what they answered, and how we know, when so many of their books are lost, told by Sophia with Philo, Marcos and Demetria, with grammar at every level and a gamebook for each part.

Every part labels what survives: complete works, fragments in the philosopher’s own words, or only reports by others, often written centuries later, and sometimes by enemies. Like the History of the Ancient World, it asks the same questions of every tradition, compares Greek thought with India, China, Egypt, Babylon and the Jewish wisdom books, and includes the uncomfortable parts too.

How we know

Complete works, fragments, reports and lost libraries.

How We Know Ancient Philosophy: Fragments, Reports and Lost Libraries

Complete works, fragments and reports, enemies who preserved, and scrolls back from the dead.

Part 1B1–B2Free

The first philosophers

From Miletus to the atom: the thinkers before Socrates.

The Milesians: Thales, Anaximander and Anaximenes

Water, the boundless and air: the first philosophers, and the olive presses of Thales.

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Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans

A secret brotherhood, beans and souls, music and number, and the theorem the Babylonians knew first.

Part 3B1–B2Premium

Xenophanes: The Gods We Make

If oxen could draw, their gods would be oxen: the poet who questioned the gods we make.

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Heraclitus: Fire, the River and the Logos

Fire, the river, the logos and the unity of opposites: the riddles of the obscure one.

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Parmenides and Zeno: What Is, and the Paradoxes of Motion

What is, is: the goddess’s argument, Achilles and the tortoise, and the arrow that never moves.

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Empedocles: Four Roots, Love and Strife

Four roots, Love and Strife, the water clock, and a philosopher who called himself a god.

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Anaxagoras: Mind and the Burning Sun

Mind, a stone from the sky, a sun bigger than the Peloponnese, and a trial for impiety.

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Leucippus and Democritus: Atoms and the Void

Uncuttable bodies in empty space: sweet and bitter by convention, atoms and void in reality.

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Athens

The Sophists, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.

The Sophists: Protagoras, Gorgias and the Art of Persuasion

Man is the measure, the defence of Helen, nature against law, and the art of persuasion.

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Socrates and the Problem of the Sources

The oracle, the gadfly, the trial and the hemlock, and three portraits of one man.

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Plato I: The Socratic Dialogues

The Euthyphro dilemma, the Apology, the speaking Laws of the Crito, and the slave boy of the Meno.

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Plato II: The Republic and the Symposium

The ring of Gyges, the noble lie, the cave, the split humans and Diotima’s ladder of love.

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Plato III: The Timaeus

Atlantis, the craftsman god, time as an image of eternity, and the elements built from triangles.

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Aristotle I: Logic and Living Things

The syllogism, the lagoon of Lesbos, the octopus he got right and the teeth he got wrong.

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Aristotle II: Ethics and Politics

Virtue as the mean, friendship, 158 constitutions, and the defence of slavery.

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Aristotle III: Physics and Metaphysics

The four causes, potential and actual, the unmoved mover, and the books in the cellar.

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The Hellenistic schools

How to live: four answers.

Diogenes and the Cynics

The jar, the lamp, the plucked chicken, “stand out of my sun”, and Hipparchia.

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Epicurus and the Garden

Bread, water and a pot of cheese: pleasure, friendship, and why death is nothing to us.

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The Stoics: Living According to Nature

A shipwreck, the Painted Porch, 705 lost books, and what is in our power.

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The Sceptics: Why Not to Be Sure

Pyrrho’s calm pig, Carneades for and against justice, and the ten modes of doubt.

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Rome, Alexandria and beyond

Philosophy in Latin, in Philo’s Alexandria, and far to the east.

Lucretius and Cicero: Philosophy in Latin

Atoms in Latin verse, honey on the cup, and Cicero teaching Latin to speak Greek.

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Philo of Alexandria: Plato and the Scriptures

Our own Philo: Moses read through Plato, the Logos, the embassy to Caligula, and who kept his books.

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Seneca, Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius

A rich adviser, a freed slave and an emperor on campaign: three Stoics to come.

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Plotinus and Hypatia: The One and the Last Philosopher of Alexandria

The One, light pouring from the sun, and the life and death of Hypatia in our own city.

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Philosophy in India and China

Salt in water, the Middle Way, the butterfly dream, and a Greek king who questioned a monk.

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