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Ancient Science

From the mathematicians of Egypt and Babylon to the Museum of Alexandria and the translators of Baghdad: how the ancients measured the Earth, mapped the stars, studied the body and built machines, and how we know, when so many of their books are lost, told by Sophia with Philo, Marcos and Demetria, with grammar at every level and a gamebook for each part.

Every part labels its evidence: books that survive in Greek, books known only from later writers, books saved in Arabic, and objects with no words at all. Like Ancient Philosophy, it compares the Greeks with Egypt, Babylon, India and China, and includes the uncomfortable parts too. All twenty-six parts are now complete.

How we know

Lost books, translations, hidden pages and bronze gears.

How We Know Ancient Science: Lost Books, Arabic Translations and Bronze Gears

Cleomedes and the lost book of Eratosthenes, Baghdad’s translators, the Archimedes Palimpsest and the Antikythera mechanism.

Part 1B2Free

Before the Greeks

Egypt, Babylon and the first Greek doctors and thinkers.

Egyptian Mathematics and Medicine

The Rhind papyrus, unit fractions and pyramids, and the Edwin Smith papyrus on wounds of the head.

Part 2B1Premium

Babylonian Mathematics and Astronomy

Counting in sixties, Plimpton 322, and diaries of the night sky kept for six hundred years.

Part 3B1–B2Premium

Hippocrates and the Hippocratic Writings

The four humours, the sacred disease that is not sacred, and an oath that was not his.

Part 4B2Premium

The Pythagoreans and Number

Strings and ratios, the music of the spheres, and the number that would not be a fraction.

Part 5B1–B2Premium

Aristotle and Theophrastus as Naturalists

The lagoon of Lesbos, five hundred animals, and the first book about plants.

Part 6B2Premium

Alexandria

The Museum, the Library and the great age of Greek science.

The Museum and Library of Alexandria

Scholars paid by the king, ships searched for books, and how the Library really ended.

Part 7B1–B2Premium

Euclid’s Elements

Definitions, axioms and proofs: the most copied textbook in history.

Part 8B2Premium

Archimedes

The Method, the lever and the sphere, and β€œEureka” as a story told two centuries later.

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Eratosthenes Measures the Earth

A well at Syene, a shadow in Alexandria, and the size of the whole world.

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Aristarchus: A Sun-Centred Cosmos

The sizes and distances of the sun and moon, and an idea known from a single sentence of Archimedes.

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Herophilus and Erasistratus: Anatomy

Nerves, the brain and the pulse, and reports of experiments on living prisoners.

Part 12B2Premium

Apollonius and the Conic Sections

Ellipse, parabola and hyperbola, and the books that survive only in Arabic.

Part 13B2Premium

Ctesibius and Philo of Byzantium

Pumps, water clocks, a water organ and siege engines.

Part 14B1–B2Premium

Hipparchus: Stars, Precession and Trigonometry

A new star, a catalogue of the sky, and the slow wobble of the heavens.

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Maps, machines and medicine

From Pytheas to Ptolemy and Galen.

Mapping the World

Early maps, latitude, and Pytheas’s voyage to the frozen north.

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Strabo’s Geography

A traveller of Philo’s own time describes the known world, Alexandria included.

Part 17B1–B2Premium

Vitruvius and Pliny the Elder

Roman architecture and engineering, and an encyclopedia of everything, written by a man who died watching Vesuvius.

Part 18B2Premium

Hero of Alexandria

A spinning steam ball, automatic theatres, and a coin-operated machine for holy water.

Part 19B1–B2Premium

Celsus and Dioscorides: Roman Medicine and Drugs

Surgery in Latin and six hundred plants that healed, or were believed to.

Part 20B1–B2Premium

Galen

Gladiators, apes and pigs: the doctor who dominated medicine for fifteen hundred years.

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Ptolemy

The Almagest, the Geography and astrology: one man’s map of the earth and the heavens.

Part 22B2Premium

The last Alexandrians and beyond

Late Greek mathematics, India and China, and what happened next.

Diophantus and Pappus

Equations, a riddle of a lifetime, and the last great collector of Greek mathematics.

Part 23B1Premium

Theon and Hypatia

A father and daughter edit Euclid and Ptolemy, and the end of the Museum.

Part 24B2Premium

India and China

The Nine Chapters, the place-value zero, and astronomy that met the Greeks.

Part 25B1–B2Premium

What Happened Next: Baghdad and the Road to Europe

The House of Wisdom, the translators, and how Greek science came back to Europe.

Part 26B2Premium