The reading hall of the Great Library of Alexandria

The Iliad · B2+

Book Three: Paris and Menelaus

On seeing, wish + had, no choice but to, in case, so that, can’t help, be worth, point out, get + past participle and wouldn’t: B2+ grammar for a duel, a broken helmet strap, and Helen on the walls of Troy.

Sophia
SOPHIA

Today you are the man the whole war is about: Menelaus, Helen’s husband.

Demetria
DEMETRIA

And what does Helen think about all this? Nobody ever asks her.

The story

After Homer’s Iliad, Book Three

When the armies met, Paris stepped out and challenged the best of the Greeks. But on seeing Menelaus, the husband he had wronged, he shrank back into the crowd. Hector was furious: he wished his brother had never been born. After that, Paris had no choice but to fight. He offered a duel: whoever won would take Helen home, and the war would end.

Agamemnon stopped his archers in case they shot Hector while he was speaking, and Menelaus accepted. Meanwhile, the goddess Iris brought Helen to the walls so that she could watch. The old men of Troy couldn’t help staring at her: she looked like a goddess, they said, but no woman was worth losing a city for. Priam, more kindly, asked her to point out the Greek leaders: Agamemnon, Odysseus, the giant Ajax.

In the duel, Paris’s spear bent on Menelaus’ shield, and Menelaus’ sword broke on Paris’s helmet. Then Menelaus seized Paris by the crest and dragged him away, and Paris nearly got strangled by his own chin strap. But Aphrodite broke the strap, hid him in a mist and carried him to his room.

She went to fetch Helen, but at first Helen wouldn’t go: “Go and sit with him yourself!” In the end she obeyed, afraid of the goddess. On the field, Menelaus searched everywhere for Paris, and Agamemnon claimed the victory.

No wonder the Trojans and the Greeks suffer so long for a woman like that…

On + -ing; wish + had; no choice but to

Marcos
MARCOS

On seeing Menelaus, Paris ran! Hector: “I wish you had never been born!” Then he had no choice but to fight.

Sophia
SOPHIA

on + -ing = at the moment when (not at seeing). wish + past perfect: a regret about the past. have no choice but to + verb.

In case; so that

Philo
PHILO

He stopped the archers in case they shot Hector. Iris brought Helen so that she could watch.

Sophia
SOPHIA

in case + present / past, never will or would. so that + could / would for purpose in a past story.

Can’t help; be worth; point out

Demetria
DEMETRIA

The old men couldn’t help staring. No woman is worth losing a city for, they said. Priam asked her to point out the leaders.

Sophia
SOPHIA

can’t help + -ing. be worth + -ing. point out = show, identify; point at is just the finger.

Get + past participle; wouldn’t

Marcos
MARCOS

Paris nearly got strangled! And Helen wouldn’t go back to him.

Sophia
SOPHIA

get + past participle: an informal passive for sudden events. wouldn’t = refused.

Sophia’s summary

FormUseFrom the story
on + -ingthe moment something happensOn seeing Menelaus, Paris shrank back.
wish + past perfectregret about the pastI wish you had never been born.
no choice but to; in case; so that + couldbeing forced; precaution; purpose…in case they shot Hector.
can’t help + -ing; be worth + -ingcan’t stop yourself; valueNo woman is worth losing a city for.
get + pp; wouldn’tinformal passive; refusalParis nearly got strangled.

Practice

Answer all the questions, then press “Check my answers”. You can try again as many times as you like.

A · Choose

Choose the correct form.

1. ___ seeing Menelaus, Paris shrank back.

2. Hector: “I wish you ___ never been born.”

3. Agamemnon stopped the archers in case they ___ Hector.

4. Iris brought Helen to the walls so that she ___ watch.

5. Priam asked Helen to point ___ the Greek leaders.

6. At first, Helen ___ go. She refused.

B · Write

Write the correct form of the word in brackets, or the missing word.

7. The old men couldn’t help (stare) at her.

8. No woman is worth (lose) a city for, they said.

9. Paris had no choice but (fight) Menelaus.

10. Paris nearly got (strangle) by his own helmet strap.

C · Right or wrong?

Is it correct?

11. “At seeing the goddess, Helen knew her.”

12. “Take your shield in case the Trojans will break the truce.”

13. “Helen wished she had stayed in Sparta.”